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Abstract
African countries tend to be affected by global agricultural policies in the same
way as other economies but with much more severe economy-wide repercussions. Most
African countries find themselves at the lower end of the economic growth process,
which implies a much greater dependence of overall economic growth on domestic
demand, agricultural incomes, and agricultural trade. They tend to be characterized by a
higher degree of trade openness, increasing dependency on food imports, heavy reliance
on agricultural exports for foreign exchange earnings, and lower absorption capacities of
global market shocks. These features do not only make African economies more
vulnerable to distortions and changes in global trading policies in the agricultural sector.
They would also determine the implications of agricultural trade liberalization among
African countries. The present discussion paper 1) examines the vulnerability of Africa
economies with respect to global agricultural trading policies and their induced changes
in world agricultural markets, based on the above characteristics; 2) analyzes the
efficiency effects within Africa’s agricultural sector of world market distortions resulting
from agricultural trading policies; 3) illustrates the impact of global protectionism on
poverty levels and distribution among rural households in Africa and the implication for
the objective of poverty reduction; 4) reviews the options and risks facing African
countries in their pursuit of opportunities for greater participation in the global trading
system, in particular in connection with the Doha trade agenda; and 5) discusses options
for global trade liberalization that would best benefit African economies.
The paper argues that the insistence on the part of African countries on Special
and Differential Treatment entails much more risks than benefits for their economies. It
also indicates that trade preferences have been less beneficial to African economies than
usually assumed and at any rate have not been significant enough to compensate African
countries for the negative impact of global protectionism. Finally, the paper also
disagrees with the widely accepted conclusion that African countries would suffer from
liberalization of global agricultural policies because they tend to be net food importers.
That conclusion does not sufficiently take into consideration the dynamic long term effects of global policy changes on production and trading patterns among African
countries and the potential efficiency effects that would emanate there from.