Based on the annual sample data on food production in China since the reform and opening up, we select 8 main factors influencing the total food production (growing area, application rate of chemical fertilizer, effective irrigation area, the affected area, total machinery power , food production cost index, food production price index, financial funds for supporting agriculture, farmers and countryside), and put them into categories of material input, resources and environment, and policy factors. Using the factor analysis, we carry out the multi-angle analysis of these typical influencing factors one by one through the time series trend chart. It is found that application rate of chemical fertilizer, the growing area of food crops and drought-affected area become the key factors affecting food production. On this basis, we set forth the corresponding recommendations for improving the comprehensive food production capacity.