Costs involved in double-bottoms (tandem trailers) and TOFC (trailer-on-flatcar; piggyback) were modeled and compared with conventional over-the-road transport of bulk milk from northern Vermont in single trailers. Both modes were found to be both cost-effective and fuel-sparing alternatives to conventional transport. Since the study' s completion, although not as a direct result of it, two shippers have adopted these innovations . One of them (using double-bottoms) has budgeted savings even larger than those claimed in our study.