We analyze the agricultural industrial competitiveness in China's 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), to provide a reference for the relevant state departments to develop the agricultural industry policy. Using factor analysis and expert consulting method, we determine the weight of each indicator, and establish the comprehensive evaluation model suitable for the assessment of agricultural industrial competitiveness. Using the comprehensive evaluation model, we assess the agricultural competitiveness of China's 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions). China's 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) can be divided into three groups (high competitiveness, middle competitiveness and low competitiveness). The results show that although there are subtle changes in the sequencing within high competitiveness group, the members of high competitiveness group are basically unchanged; compared with high competitiveness group, the agricultural industry in middle competitiveness group and low competitiveness group shows the characteristic of significant geographical concentration, and the competitive agricultural industrial belt is outstanding. We put forward the following recommendations: extending agricultural industry chain and increasing agricultural value added; utilizing regional resources and developing characteristic agriculture; taking the road of large-scale management to promote sustainable and healthy agricultural development in China.