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/Title (The results suggest that SBD, in addition to being used for inventory purposes, can be useful information for consumers as a criterion in judging microbiological quality of the packaged lunchmeats. Food manufacturers should reevaluate the SBD consider...)
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/Title (The average microbial load of the lunchmeats was less than 100 CFU/g at the beginning of the experiment \(twenty-first day before SBD\). According to the guidelines for the microbiological quality established by PHLS Advisory Committee for Food and Dair..\
.)
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/Title (According to industry standards \(i.e. less than 1,000 CFU/package for APC and EC\), the exterior surfaces were found to be clean for all the packages \(n=30\) except one. Since any unacceptable count is potentially harmful, this result suggests that the \
...)
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/Title (Thirty packages of thin sliced oven roasted turkey breast with the same lot number and SBD were purchased from a local grocery store. Packages were randomly divided into ten batches \(three in each batch\) and stored in the original resealable bags at ..\
.)
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/Title (Packaged lunchmeats are a popularly consumed product in homes in the United States. In a study by Godwin and Coppings \(2005\) the majority of consumers \(71%\) reported having lunchmeat in their refrigerator for varying lengths of time, some for over one\
...)
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/Title (Data regarding the likelihood that respondents would follow USDA recommendations is summarized in Table 2. Nearly ninety-six percent of respondents indicated that they would be very likely \(79.4 %\) or likely \(16.4 %\) to follow the USDA recommendation\
...)
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/Title (Of the 1,011 respondents, 72% were women; 73% were white, non-Hispanic; and 61% were between the ages of 30 and 59 years old. Approximately 61% of respondents had some college education or a college degree, and 61% of respondents had annual household ...)
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/Title (Weighting Procedures. The data were weighted to reflect the selection probabilities of sampled units and to compensate for differential nonresponse and undercoverage \(Lohr, 1999\). The weights were based on the inverses of their overall selection proba..\
.)
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.)
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/Title (At the time of sample selection, approximately 45,000 panel members were actively participating in the Web-enabled panel. A sample of 1,619 panel members who had primary or shared responsibility for the grocery shopping in their households was randoml...)
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/Title (Sample. The sample was selected from a Web-enabled panel developed and maintained by Knowledge Networks \(Menlo Park, CA\), a survey research firm. The Web-enabled panel was designed to be representative of the U.S. population \(Couper, 2000\). The Web-en\
...)
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/Title (A national survey of U.S. household grocery shoppers aged 18 years and older was conducted using a Web-enabled panel survey approach. The survey administration and analysis procedures are described below and in a paper published on power outages publi...)
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/Title (A national survey was conducted to understand consumers food safety attitudes, knowledge, and practices with regard to emergency preparedness and response \(Kosa, Cates, Godwin, Coppings, & Speller-Henderson, 2011\). Study findings could be used by edu..\
.)
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/Title (Since 9/11 and the subsequent anthrax incidents, concerns about intentional acts of food contamination, or foodborne bioterrorism, in the United States have been heightened. Although most foodborne disease outbreaks are unintentional, deliberate conta...)
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/Title (We thank Sergei Rodkin of Knowledge Networks for his assistance with conducting the Internet survey.)
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/Title (\(Grant No. 2007-51110-03819\).)
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/Title (Initiative of the USDAs National Institute for Food and Agriculture.)
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/Title (Middle publication. Available at: http://ngfn.org/resources/ngfn-database/knowledge/rtcasestudyfinalrev.pdf)
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/Title (Stevenson, S. \(2009\). Values based food supply chains: Red Tomato. Agriculture of the)
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/Title (Martinez, S., Hand, M., DaPra, M., Pollack, S., Ralston, K., Smith, T., et al. \(2010\). Loca Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts and Issues. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.)
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/Title (Haddad, H., Nyquist, K., Record, L., & Slama, J. \(2010\). Ready to Grow: A plan for increasing Illinois fruit and vegetable production. FamilyFarmed.org report. Available at: http://ngfn.org/resources/ngfn-database/knowledge/IllinoisProduceReport-fin..\
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/Title (Gunter, A., & Thilmany-McFadden, D. \(2011\). Developing Values Based Distribution Networks to Enhance the Prosperity of Small and Mid Size Producers: A Case Study of La Montanita. Agricultural Marketing Report, Colorado State University, Agricultural..\
.)
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/Title (Gunter, A., & Thilmany, D. \(2011\). Developing Values-Based Distribution Networks to Enhance the Prosperity of Small and Medium Sized Producers: A Case Study of High Plains Food Co-op. Agricultural Marketing Fact Sheet, Colorado State University, Dep..\
.)
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/Title (Gunter, A. \(2011\). Rebuilding Local Food Systems: Marketing and Economic Implications for Comunities. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.)
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/Title (Adam, K. L. \(2006\). Community Supported Agriculture. Retrieved May, 2011, from National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service \(ATTRA\): http://attra.ncat.org)
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/Title (Local Harvest. \(2011\). Retrieved May, 2011, from Local Harvest: http://www.localharvest.org)
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/Title (Farmers Market Growth: 1994-2011. \(2011\). Retrieved August, 2011, from Agricultural Marketing Service: http://www.ams.usda.gov)
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/Title (Barham, J. \(2011\). Regional Food Hubs: Understanding the scope and scale of food hub operations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Marketing Service report.)
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/Title (References)
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/Title (The goal of the local food distributor in this study is to increase wholesale buyers access to locally produced foods \(in particular the K-12 schools\), and to provide a market outlet for small and mid-size producers who are otherwise overlooked by tr..\
.)
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/Title (The inability for the distributor to breakeven in any scenario is not uncommon. In a survey of local food distributors conducted by Jim Barham \(2011\) with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 60% of the food hubs surveyed received government funding to..\
.)
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/Title (Utilizing existing infrastructure helps to lower fixed costs, but it also places a limitation on the volume that can reasonably be assumed to flow through a distributor. Even with the cost savings, the facility is not likely to breakeven in its first ...)
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/Title (Breakeven sales requirements are dependent on the assumed growth rate and capital cost requirements. In all scenarios, with an assumed growth rate of 80% and a scaling back of capital cost requirements in each scenario, the distributor will not breake...)
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/Parent 58 0 R
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/Title (Historically, food distribution is a business characterized by small margins, which suggests efficiency, but may have unintended implications. Traditional distributors rely on a combination of large volume and efficient use of infrastructure to remain...)
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/Title (Conclusion)
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/Title (ambitious sales growth of 80% each year is assumed, but such growth is consistent with past sales growth \(of the local food distributor located in the region\) and the potential demand evaluated in primary data analysis \(Gunter, 2011\).)
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/Parent 58 0 R
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/Title (Based on industry averages, a 15% markup will be assumed for all K-12 school sales, a 20% markup will be assumed for all other wholesale sales, and an 8% brokerage fee is assumed for the final scenario \(where marketing costs are shared with a partner\)..\
.)
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/Parent 58 0 R
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/Title (Based on the size of the infrastructure and the current level of produce marketed by farmers to wholesale buyers in the region, the highest first year sales volume reasonably assumed is $70,000. The distributor would be operational 6 months per year, ...)
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/Title (The remainder of this paper will explore the necessary scale for several potential infrastructure investments that the farm-based local food distributor is considering. Based on previous research, three scenarios will be exploredeach with a different...)
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/Title (In the region, restaurants and K-12 schools are the main wholesale buyers that have shown a strong commitment to purchase local foods from small local growers. Currently, farmers are distributing their own produce to schools but, due to the steady gro...)
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/Parent 58 0 R
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/Title (In Northern Colorado, local food distribution from small and mid-size farms to wholesale buyers has two forms: 1\) producers marketing and delivering their own products to buyers, and 2\) producers selling their products through a new local foods aggreg..\
.)
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/Title (Feasibility Study)
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/Title (The significant growth in the demand for local foods in recent years has translated into a growing body of research devoted to the topic. A wide variety of case studies of local and regional food systems highlight best practices for building small and...)
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/Parent 58 0 R
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/Title (Previous Research)
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/Title (The goal of this paper is provide insight into how new, smaller scale distributors might compete with traditional distributors. Specifically, the goal is to determine what scale would be needed for a local food distributor located in Northern Colorado...)
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/Parent 58 0 R
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/Title (Although the growth in direct markets suggests a significant jump in local food purchasing by households, direct marketing still only accounts for a small percentage of total food sales. This very small share of local food sales can be partially attri...)
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/Title (\(Vogel & Low, 2010\). The smaller increase in the value of farm products could be, in part, because many of those selling through direct markets were small farms with limited volumes.)
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/Title (On the supply side, from 2002 to 2007, the number of U.S. farms selling directly to consumers through farmers markets, roadside stands, and pick-your-own operations grew by 104.7% while the value of farm products sold directly to the consumer increas...)
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/Title (There are emerging opportunities, however, and recently some consumers have begun to demand products that are often difficult for the traditional wholesale channels to provide. Specifically, increasing demand for source verified and locally produced f...)
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/Parent 58 0 R
/Prev 59 0 R
/Title (In the United States, 99.2% of all food is purchased through traditional wholesale channels such as grocery stores, restaurants, and institutions \(Martinez, et al., 2010\). Due to the large volume and centralized purchasing of most wholesale food chann..\
.)
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/Parent 55 0 R
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/Title (The application of various specifications of previously used gravity models exhibit considerable differences in coefficient estimates. Without MRDIS and MRBORDER terms, our B-B model finds only one term of geographical distance has the expected sign a...)
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/Parent 55 0 R
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/Title (Next, we show results for the Baier and Bergstrand model with and without MR terms or restrictions in table 2. The coefficient estimate of Geographical Distance \(ln\) for column of the first B-B gravity model without MR terms, ignoring multilateral re..\
.)
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/Title (In this section, we discuss a McCallum model without a dummy variable term. Estimated coefficients of the McCallum model are presented in table 1. The coefficient estimate of Geographical Distance \(ln\) in the McCallum model is -2.501. All variables ..\
.)
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/Parent 55 0 R
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/Title (Results and Conclusions)
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/Title (In this gravity model specification, coefficient estimates for and MRDIS, BORDER and MRBORDER are first restricted to have identical but oppositely signed coefficient values. For comparing among alternative gravity models, we estimated this equation...)
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/Title (or)
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/Title (where,)
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/Title (\(3\))
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/Title (The following gravity model specifications, proposed by Baier and Bergstrand \(B-B models\) in 2009, are used for comparison:)
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/Parent 55 0 R
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/Title (\(2\))
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/Title (We specified five gravity model systems to estimate coefficients and compare the results, three of which we discuss here. First, we used a McCallum Gravity Equation proposed in 1995. According to our trade patterns, we revised this model and removed t...)
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/Title (Despite the rapid growth in world trade of oilseeds, barriers of physical distance, institutional frameworks, culture and economic policy still generate considerable costs to international trade \(Anderson and van Wincoop, 2004\). Gross Domestic Product..\
.)
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/Title (To compare the different specifications, we focus on trade patterns for a set of 22 countries for 2009. There are potentially 22*21=462 individual trade flows between the 22 countries of origin \(exporters\) and the 22 countries of destination \(importer.\
..)
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/Title (Trade value data on oilseeds for 2009 were obtained from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database \(UN comtrade\) http://comtrade.un.org/db/. Standard International Trade Classification \(SITC\) continues to be used by many countries and organ\
...)
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/Parent 55 0 R
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/Title (Baier and Bergstrand \(2009\) suggest a method for approximating the Multiple Resistance \(MR\) terms based on theoretically approximating international trade-cost effects. Using a Taylor-series expansion, they reveal a relationship between income, trad\
...)
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/Parent 55 0 R
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/Title (A second approach uses estimated border effects to measure price effects. Anderson and van Wincoop \(2003\) found that estimated gravity models do not have a sound theoretical foundation, suffering from omitted variables bias and comparative statics an..\
.)
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/Title (where are exports from country i to country j; and are gross domestic production in country i and j; is the distance between country i and j; and is a dummy variable equal to one for interprovincial trade and zero for state-province trade. Th...)
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/Title (\(1\))
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/Title (McCallum \(1995\) estimated the gravity equation:)
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/Title (Anderson \(1979\) first proposed and derived a gravity model by taking into account the effect of price. Helpman \(1987\) applied the gravity model framework and gave it an alternative characterization on the role of size of different countries, and he t\
...)
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/Title (GRAVITY MODELS, DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS)
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/Title (The USA has been the premier exporter of oilseeds over the past several years, followed by Brazil, Canada and Argentina. Despite substantial production growth in the past 25 years and recent gains in export volume, the USA share of global exports has ...)
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/Title (With the increased production and consumption noted, oilseeds and oilseeds products have become one of the largest sectors in international trade. The amount of soybeans exported is the largest of the five major oilseed exports, increasing from 45.55...)
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/Title (WORLD OILSEED EXPORTS/IMPORTS)
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/Title (Oilseeds consumption includes two parts: oilseed oils and oilseed meals. China is the worlds largest consumer of major oilseed oils, with its total oil consumption reaching 24.55 million tons and accounting for about 19% of total world consumption i...)
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/Title (Production of the five major oilseeds crops rose from 159.4 million hectares \(m ha\) in 1996 to peak at 198.7 m ha in 2006 before declining to 192.8 m ha in 2007. The United States \(USA\) has long been the leader in oilseeds production \(USDA/FAS\). C\
hi...)
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/Title (WORLD OILSEEDS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS)
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/Title (The international oilseeds trade sector exhibits relatively complex flows, as oilseeds can be processed to use as edible food products or crushed to produce vegetable oils and feed meals, providing multiple final uses in the food, feed and associated ...)
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/Title (Selecting appropriate advertising and promotion tools and using them effectively is a must for small businesses. With the number of options available, retailers may feel overwhelmed as to what methods will reach their target audience. Data collected...)
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/Parent 52 0 R
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/Title (Conclusion)
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/Parent 52 0 R
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/Title (Significant differences were evident between those who consumed 1 to 2 servings of fresh fruits and vegetables and value-added produce products and those who consumed 3 or more. Again, those who consumed 3 or more servings of fresh fruits and vegetab...)
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/Parent 52 0 R
/Prev 186 0 R
/Title (Comparing traditional and non-traditional advertising and promotions allows retailers to determine the best mix for their business. Responses were collected for a number of retailer outlet types \(e.g. local winery, local grocery, supermarkets and gro...\
)
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/Parent 52 0 R
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/Title (Data were further analyzed to detect differences in using these tools based on the number of fresh fruit and vegetables and value-added produce products participants consumed in an average day. Even though a majority of participants indicated that th...)
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/Parent 52 0 R
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/Title (To understand attitudes and behaviors regarding electronic resources used to promote food items, participants were asked to indicate the types of on-line and social networking sites they found useful pertaining to fresh fruits and vegetables. Overall,...)
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/Parent 52 0 R
/Prev 189 0 R
/Title (With the number of methods retailers could use to reach customers it is necessary to determine which one\(s\) clientele are most likely to access. Of the 1210 participants, all respondents actively used at least one of the following social networking a..\
.)
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/Parent 52 0 R
/Prev 190 0 R
/Title (Most common responses to demographic questions were female \(71.4%\), a member of a two-adult household \(47.1%\), living in a household with no children \(62.7%\), were age 49 to 64 \(35.6%\) and 37 to 48 \(25.3%\) years, had either obtained some level o\
f high...)
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/Title (Participant Demographics)
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/Title (Results)
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/Title (Data retrieved from the surveys were analyzed with SPSS \(versions 18 and 19; SPSS, Chicago, IL\). To assess differences between responses segmented by demographic groups Pearsons Chi Square and Phi and Cramers V tests were used for categorical and/o..\
.)
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/Title (Statistical Analysis)
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/Title (Survey questions were pre-tested and administered to a sample of randomly selected 100 Survey Sampling International, LLC panelists. Question topics focused on consumers use of non-traditional advertising and promotional strategies with emphasis on ...)
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/Parent 52 0 R
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/Title (Data were collected through a 15 min Internet survey \(14-17 May 2010\) administered to 1210 consumers residing in five metropolitan areas in the mid-Atlantic U.S. region \(Richmond, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and New York City\). Partici\
...)
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/Title (Materials and Methods)
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/Title (Questions that deserve investigation include what social networks consumers use when they want to learn about food products and brands and whether or not tools used differ from social networks they use when learning about other interests. By identifyi...)
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/Parent 52 0 R
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/Title (With Facebook recognized as the a popular social network with nearly one-sixth of the worlds population using it \(Estes, 2011\), it would be prudent to not only learn how direct marketers could use Facebook to connect with clientele but how to encou..\
.)
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/Parent 52 0 R
/Prev 200 0 R
/Title (Conducting an Internet search to learn about demographics of social network users \(Finn, 2011\), how they currently use and would prefer to use the tools, and suggestions as to how businesses could best use the tools \(Meister, 2001\) reveals an abundant\
...)
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/Prev 53 0 R
/Title (A question most businesses frequently consider is how to best advertise and promote to their customers. Traditional sources such as newspaper, television, and radio are still recognized as valuable outlets but with 79% of U.S. adults having Internet ...)
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/Title (Previous research showed that organic milk and conventional milk at the aggregated level were substitutes \(Dhar and Foltz 2005; Alviola and Capps 2010\). This study disaggregated milk into different fat levels and found organic milk and conventional mi..\
.)
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/Title (With the expansion of the organic food industry in the U.S., the demand for organic milk has been changing. This study used a recent data set to examine the nationwide demand for organic fluid milk by fat content. The results suggested that, during t...)
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/Title (Conclusion and Discussion)
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/Title (Estimation results also revealed substitutions between organic milk and conventional milk products differing in fat content. In general, substitution effects caused by price changes of conventional milk on the demand for organic milk \(the upper right ...\
)
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/Parent 49 0 R
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/Title (With respect to the conventional milk complex, 1% milk was a substitute to 2% milk, skim milk, and whole milk. Conventional skim and 2% milk were also substitutes. The transmitting patterns among the above substitute pairs were asymmetric. For instan...)
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/Title (Table 5 shows the compensated cross price elasticities, which reveal the net relationship among products in the system by excluding income effects. Within the organic complex, skim and 2% milk were shown to be substitutes. A 1% increase in organic sk...)
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 208 0 R
/Title (Comparing organic and conventional results by fat content, the compensated own-price elasticities of 1% and 2% milk were quite similar between organic and conventional counterparts, where both organic and conventional 1% and 2% milk were sensitive to ...)
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/Title (The demand for all four types of organic milk was own-price sensitive; suggesting lowering the price of organic milk would likely lead to a greater increase in the quantity demanded of organic milk. Among organic products, skim milk was the most sens...)
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/Title (The own price elasticities are presented in table 4 and were all statistically significant at the 1% level. As expected, the uncompensated own price elasticities were all larger in magnitude than the compensated elasticities. The compensated and uncom...)
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 211 0 R
/Title (The expenditure elasticities of conventional milk were around one and not statistically different from unity at the 5% significance level, which is consistent with previous studies \(Glaser and Thompson 2000; Dhar and Foltz 2005; Chang et al. 2011\). A..\
.)
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/Title (Table 3 presents the estimated expenditure elasticities. All expenditure elasticities are statistically significant at the 1% level. The expenditure elasticities of organic milk with different fat content were lower than those of their conventional co...)
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/Parent 49 0 R
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/Title (The above demand system was first differenced to account for autocorrelation. The homogeneity and symmetry conditions were imposed. The model was estimated by iterative seemingly unrelated regression. The expenditure and price elasticities were calcul...)
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/Title (Model Estimation and Results)
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/Title (5Y5\\5T ,5C -5a . = ,5W = 1 -5[ - ,5J -5W5a . .5Y5\\5T ,5C -5W5a . \( 2 \))
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/Prev 216 0 R
/Title ( ,5J -5V5a . = ,5 -5V . + ,5W = 1 -5[ - ,5 -5V5W . .5Y5\\5T ,5C -5W5a . + ,5 -5V . , l o g - , , ,5K -5a . - ,5C -5a . . . . + ,5 -5V . ,5G -5V5a . + ,5 -5V5a . \( 1 \))
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 217 0 R
/Title (An Almost Ideal Demand System \(AIDS; Deaton and Muellbauer 1980\) was specified to examine the demand for organic fluid milk. In the demand system, both organic milk and conventional milk were further decomposed into products with different fat content..\
.)
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 218 0 R
/Title (Over the sample period, organic milk continued to enjoy significant price premium over conventional milk \(Table 2\). Among organic milk, reduced fat milk averaged the highest price of $3.95 per half gallon and skim milk had the lowest price of $3.61 pe..\
.)
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endobj
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/Parent 49 0 R
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/Title (The analysis used AC Nielsens national weekly scanner data from April 2008 to April 2010 \(104 observations\). Because the majority of organic milk is sold in half gallon \(64 ounces\) cartons, only the data for 64 ounces milk products were included in t\
...)
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 220 0 R
/Title (Research Methods)
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 221 0 R
/Title (Past studies using retail data were limited in several ways. First, most of these studies examined the early development stage of the organic milk market by using data before 2005 except for Chang et al. \(2011\). As the organic milk market matured, con..\
.)
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endobj
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 222 0 R
/Title (A few studies attempted to study consumers revealed preferences using retail data \(Glaser and Thompson 2000; Dhar and Foltz 2005; Alviola and Capps 2010; Chang et al. 2011\). The results on response of organic milk demand to price were rather diverse,..\
.)
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endobj
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 223 0 R
/Title (Growth of the organic fluid milk market prompted researchers interests on examining consumer valuation on organic milk. Some of the previous studies used consumer surveys and experiments to examine consumers stated preference over organic milk and f...)
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 224 0 R
/Title (Literature)
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/Title (Such changes in the organic dairy market call for a timely analysis of consumer demand for organic fluid milk. Farmers continue to pursue better payoffs through producing organic milk, but their economic gains depend on consumer demand and the premium...)
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endobj
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/Parent 49 0 R
/Prev 226 0 R
/Title (Consumer demand for organic milk is driven by various reasons including health and environment benefits and concerns over animal welfare \(Liu et al. 2011\). In early years of the rapid expansion of the organic milk market, supply could not keep pace w..\
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/Title (The U.S. organic food industry expanded rapidly during the last several decades. The sales of organic food increased to $26.7 billion in 2010 from $1 billion in 1990, representing 4% of the total food sales. The annual growth rate of organic food sale...)
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/Title (Knowing the level of importance restaurants place on different food attributes is vital to a producer who wants to utilize this marketing channel. Participants were asked to rate \(1 not important & 11 very important\) the importance of different facto..\
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/Title (Figure 2: Payment Methods)
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/Title (One key question asked to the participants was whether they purchase locally or not. Results from responses showed approximately 51% \(n=75\) of respondents purchases locally while the remaining 49% \(n=73\) do not. Respondents who do not purchase loca\
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/Title (Descriptive statistics were done on data from survey responses using statistical analysis software \(SAS\). All participants were asked background information of their restaurants. Table 1 presents the averages on background information of all restaur..\
.)
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/Title (Results)
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/Title (The data for this study was collected by surveying 747 independently owned restaurants in Alabama. Independently owned restaurants were chosen as survey participants particularly because previous studies showed that these are the restaurants that typi...)
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/Title (Data and Methods)
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/Title (Previous studies provide local farmers information regarding necessary steps to take when approaching a restaurant with a marketing proposal \(Pepinsky and Thilmany 2004; Food Processing Center 2003\), while others provide information on restaurants/ch..\
.)
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/Title (According to USDA/ERS statistics, restaurants account for more than 70% of total food away from home expenditures. Food away from home expenditures increased from $388 billion to $594 billion for the period 2000 to 2010 \(USDA/ERS 2011\) signifying th..\
.)
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/Title (Direct marketing to restaurants is becoming increasingly popular as chefs desire high quality, fresh foods to meet the demand of their more health conscious customers. Data from a 2008 National Restaurant Association \(NRA\) survey showed that 89% of f..\
.)
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/Title (Face to face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nineteen supply chain actors \(farmers, distributors, and buyers\) in order to evaluate and inform efforts to increase the efficacy of FTI. Interviews were between 25 and 60 minutes. Participa..\
.)
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/Title (Methods)
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/Title (Few if any studies have researched costs of providing local story or a longer supply chain, such as FTI; this paper addresses the gap. The next section of this paper addresses the methods, followed by a discussion of the nature and costs of local sto...)
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/Title (Produce often travels through a large distributor, because of the transaction costs associated with multiple farmers and multiple invoices \(Berkenkamp, 2006\). Large distributors offer a standardized, stream-lined procurement environment that is well-s..\
.)
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/Title (In long commodity supply chains, the identity is usually lost, as maintaining the story of food may incur high transaction costs for one or more supply chain actors. Other common barriers identified in the literature include relationship maintenance, ...)
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/Title (Our analysis is motivated by a recent study \(Izumi, et al., 2010\) which found that where there is more local story or local identity, there is an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Their study suggests that if the students know the farmer..\
.)
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/Title (Selected Literature)
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/Title (\(12PT Italic\) Sub Heading)
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/Title (Research suggests that maintaining the story of the food through supply chains creates connections between farmers and consumers, potentially increasing the consumption of fresh produce \(Izumi, Alaimo, & Hamm, 2010\). However, advocates have questioned..\
.)
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/Title (Farm to Institution \(FTI\) is a movement that aims to provide an increased amount of locally grown fruits and vegetables to institutions such as schools, colleges, hospitals, senior meal sites, and correctional facilities. FTI has the potential to bene..\
.)
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/Title (Introduction)
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/Title (Factors Affecting Food Processing Industry in India)
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/Title (Indias processing industry is highly fragmented and is dominated by the unorganized sector. A number of players in this industry are small. About 42% of the output comes from the unorganized sector, 25% from the organized sector and the rest from s...)
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/Title (Though the Indian food processing industry is large in size, it is still at a nascent stage in terms of development. Of the countrys total agriculture and food produce, only 2 percent is processed. The industry size has been estimated at US$ 70 bill...)
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/Title (Food processing is a large sector in India that covers activities such as agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. It also includes other industries that use agricultural inputs for manufacturing of edible products. The M...)
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/Title ( Tertiary Processing: high value addition products like jams, sauces, biscuits and other bakery products ready for consumption.)
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/Title ( Secondary Processing: basic value addition, e.g., tomato-puree, ground coffee, processing of meat products.)
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/Title ( Primary Processing; cleaning, grading, powdering and refining of agricultural produce, e.g., grinding wheat into flour.)
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/Title (The extent of processing in India can be categorized as follows:)
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/Title (The food processing or food manufacturing industry includes companies that transform livestock and agricultural products into products used for intermediate or final consumption. Processed foods are products in which a raw commodity is transformed int...)
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/Title (Structure and Composition of Indian Food Processing Industry)
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/Title (During the last three decades net area sown under major crops declined from 142 million hectares during 1983-84 to 140.8 million hectares in 2008-09, whereas total cropped area increased from 176.4 million hectares to 194 million hectares during the s...)
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/Title (Trends in Area and Production of Major Crops /crops Groups:)
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/Title (In recent decades, there have been substantial changes in the patterns of production, consumption, and trade in Indian agriculture. One change is the shift in production and consumption from food grains to high value agricultural commodities such as f...)
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/Title (Food Production and Processing The Indian Scenario)
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/Title (The agro food processing industry is one of the largest in India, employs around 18% of the countrys industrial work force and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth \(Merchant, 2008\). India also produces a va..\
.)
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/Title (Generally, in developing country markets, higher incomes result in diet upgrades, with increased demand for meats, dairy products, and other high value products. In India also sustained economic growth and increasing urbanization are fueling rapid gro...)
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/Title (India is the worlds second largest producer of food next to China and has the potential of being the biggest in the World. Food and food products are the biggest consumption category in India, with spending on food accounting for nearly 21% of India...)
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/Title (Acknowledgements)
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/Title (Whiteman P. C. and B. W. Norton. \(1981\). Alternative Uses of Pigeonpea. Proceedings of International Workshop on Pigeonpea, 1, 365-377.)
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/Title (United States Department of Agriculture. 2007Census of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.)
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/Title (United States Department of Agriculture, National Commission on Small Farms. \(1998\). A Time to Act: A Report of the USDA National Commission on Small Farms, Washington, D.C.)
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/Title (Tubene, S. and J. Hanson. \(2002\). The Wholesale Produce Auction: An Alternative Marketing Strategy for Small Farms American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 17 \(1\).)
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/Title (Tegegne, F., E. Ekanem and S. Muhammad. \(2004\). Challenges and Opportunities for Small Farmers in an Era of Growing Competition. The Southern Business and Economic Journal, 27\(1\)\(2\).)
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/Title (Steele, C. \(1997\).Why U.S Agriculture and Rural Areas Have a Stake in Small Farms in Rural Development Perspectives. Economic Research Service, 12\(2\), pp. 26-31.)
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/Title (Sinha S.K. \(1977\). Food legumes: distribution, adaptability and biology of yield. In: FAO plant production and protection paper 3. p. 1-102. FAO, Rome.)
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/Title (Salunkehe, D. K., J. K. Chavan and S. S. Kadam. \(1986\). Pigeonpea as Important Food Source. CRC Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition 23\(2\), 103-141.)
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/Title ([On-line]. Available at: http://www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/symposia/4/6/997_rusikej.htm.)
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/Title (Rusike, J., Dimes, J.P. \(2004\). Effecting change through private sector client services for smallholder farmers in Africa. 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane.)
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/Title (Rao, S.C.; W.A. Phillips, H.S. Mayeux., and S.C. Phatak. \(2003\). Potential Grain and Forage Production of Early Maturing Pigeonpea in the Southern Great Plains. Crop Science. 43, 2212-2217.)
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/Title (Rao, S. C.; S. W. Coleman, and H. S. Mayeux. \(2002\). Forage Production and Nutritive Value of Selected Pigeonpea Ecotypes in Southern Great Plains. Crop Science. A2, 1259-1260)
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/Title (Phatak, S.C., R.G. Nadimpalli, S.C. Tiwari, and H.L. Bhardwaj. \(1993\). Pigeonpeas: Potential new crop for the southeastern United States. p. 597-599. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon \(eds.\), New Crops. Wiley, New York. [On-line]. Available at: http://www\
...)
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/Title (Morton, J. F. \(1976\). The Pigeonpea \(Cajanus Cajan L. Millsp\) A High-Protein, Tropical Legume. HortScience. 11, 11-19.)
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/Title (Mishra, K. A., F. Tegegne and C. Sandretto. 2004. The Impact of Participation in Cooperatives on the Success of Small Farms. Journal of Agribusiness 22,1 \(Spring2004\):31-48.)
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/Title (Metz, P. S., J. J. Sloan, R. Sutton, S. Rao, S. Phatak, D. Reger and J. Heitholt. 2007. Pigeonpea: A Versatile Drought Resistant Crop for the Southern Great Plains. Presented at the 2007 International Annual meeting of the ASA-CSSA-SSSA, New Orleans.)
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/Title (Lucier, G.; B. Lin; J. Allshouse; and L. S. Kantor \(2000, April\). Factors Affecting Dry Bean Consumption in the United States ERS/USDA, Vegetables and Specialties S & O/ VGS-280.)
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/Title (Hoppe, A. R., J.A. MacDonald and P. Korb. 2010. Small Farms in the United States: Persistence Under pressure. Economic Information Bulletin No. EIB 63.)
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/Title (Hendrickson, M., and W. Heffernan. 2007. Concentration of Agricultural Markets. University of Missouri, Department of Rural Sociology, Columbia.)
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/Title (Faroda, S.A. and J. N. Johri. 1981. Extending Pigeonpea cultivation to Non-traditional Areas in India. In ICRISAT, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpea, volume 1, 15-19 December, Patancheru, India.)
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/Title (Ebodaghe, D. \(Ed\). 2009. Proceedings of the 5th National Small Farm Conference, United States Department of Agriculture, NIFA, Washington, D.C.)
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/Title (Baryeh, A.E., and B.K. Mangope. \(2002\). Some Physical Properties of QP-38 Variety of Pigeonpea. Journal of Food Engineering, 56, 5965.)
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/Title ([On-line]. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/aug02/range0802.pdf)
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/Title (Arnold, J. \(2002\). Pigeonpea Benefits Cattle on the Range. Agricultural Research)
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/Title (References)
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/Title (Pigeonpea is a nutritious crop that has a number of other desirable qualities. These include its ability to fix nitrogen, grow on marginal lands and multipurpose use for human consumption, animal feed and fuel. The focus of this study was to examine t...)
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/Title (Summary and Conclusions)
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/Title (Table 1 below provides average yield per acre in 2006 for the four varieties. It shows the yield is higher for all varieties when spacing is large.)
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/Title (This study was carried out on Tennessee State University Agricultural Research and Demonstration farm in 2006. A Complete Randomized Block Design \(CRBD\) with four replications. The four pigeonpea cultivars used were \(Georgia 1, Georgia 2, W-1 and W-2\)\
...)
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/Title (The pigeonpea market is highly globalized, very competitive and dominated by India: the major producer and consumer. However, the market for it has been increasing outside Asian and Africa countries into Europe, the United States and Canada due to mig...)
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/Title (Work by Metz et al., 2007; Phatak et al., \(1993\) have underscored the potential of pigeonpea production in the Southeastern United States. Studies by Rao et al., \(2002; 2003\) have focused on production and use of the crop for forage. Currently there \
...)
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/Title (One possible niche crop is Pigeonpea \(Cajanus cajan L. Millsp\), a low input, and warm season grain legume. It is tolerant of dry weather and poor soil conditions \(Metz et al., 2007; Phatak et al., \(1993\). It grows well on marginal lands and being a d\
e...)
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/Title (Small farmers can use different strategies to deal with the above challenges including diversification of their farm operations, introducing on farm value adding activities, as well as strengthening farmers networks to improve market access using dif...)
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/Title (Small Farms, which make up approximately 91% of all farms in the United States, are diverse \(Hoppe, 2010; USDA, 2007\). They control a significant share of farm assets and are important for the vitality of rural communities \(USDA, 1998; Steele, 1997\). \
...)
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/Title (Perkins, H.W., M.P. Haines, and R. Rice. 2005. Misperceiving the college drinking norm)
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/Title (National Social Norms Resource Center \(NSNRC\). The Social Norms Approach. \(http://www.socialnorms.org/FAQ/questions.php#Q1\), 2008)
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/Title (Churchill, Gilbert A. 1987. Marketing Research, Methodological Foundations. Fourth Edition. pp: 110-115.)
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/Title (_norms.pdf\) pp: 2-47.)
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/Title (bibliography. Independent consultant. \(http://www.alanberkowitz.com/articles/social)
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/Title (Berkowitz, Alan D. 2004. The social norms approach: theory, research, and annotated)
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/Title (programming. J. Science Education. Washington D.C.: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.)
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/Title (Berkowitz, Alan D. and H.W. Perkins. 1987. Current issues in effective alcohol education)
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/Title (use among students: Some research implications for campus alcohol education programming. International Journal of the Addictions. 21: 961-976.)
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/Title (Berkowitz, Alan D. and H.W. Perkins. 1986. Perceiving the community norms of alcohol)
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/Title (Upper Saddle River , NJ ISBN-13; 978-0-13-5610243-4, p. 203.)
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/Title (Armstrong & Kotler, Marketing, An Introduction, Pearson Education, Prentice Hall,)
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/Title (REFERENCES)
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/Title (There were no improvements in such negative behaviors as being taken advantage of sexually, taking advantage of another sexually, and binge drinking. Thus, the social norms marketing campaign appears to have some positive impacts on the student alcoho...)
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/Title (In an effort to promote responsible drinking behavior and correct negative misperceptions about alcohol consumption at a California State University campus, social norms marketing was used by a group of senior project students. It was observed in each...)
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/Title (Conclusions and Recommendations)
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/Title (Students showed an improvement during the research period when drinking in environments where they knew they would be safe. Those students who indicated they rarely engaged in this positive responsible behavior slowly decreased from 2004 to 2007. Si...)
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/Title (Another alarming statistic observed from this research was that approximately 15% of students were taken advantage of sexually while drinking and 4% admitted taking advantage of another sexually while drinking \(Tables 7 and 8\). Neither of these negat..\
.)
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/Title (Although the number of self-reported drinks declined during the study, twenty percent of students reported that they were hurt or injured due to their drinking two or more times in a year. The proportion fluctuated over the course of the study, incre...)
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/Title (Negative Behaviors)
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/Title (During the research period there was a significant difference in the length of time students drank during their last time drinking. The first year of the study, students drinking was spanning a time period of over three and half hours. Between 2004 ...)
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/Title (When students were asked to identify the greatest number of drinks consumed in one sitting and the hours it took to consume those drinks, no significant difference was found during the research period \(Table 4\). However, there was a significant diffe..\
.)
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/Title (Self-Reported Greatest Number, Last Time Number of Drinks and Hours Drinking)
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/Title (As discussed, in 2004, the baseline year of the study, there was a significant difference between students self-reported average number of drinks consumed typically at parties and bars students and perceived average number of drinks consumed among t...)
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/Title (Self Compared to Typical Cal State University Student)
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/Title (After the first year of the research period and implementation of the social norms marketing campaign which was executed commencing in the Fall of 2004 and continued through the Spring of 2007, the proportion of students who had been exposed to messag...)
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/Title (Since students self-reported \(including non-drinkers\) that they drank less than four drinks at bars or parties, but they perceived their peers to drink 4.9, a creative and informative marketing campaign developed by the students used the slogan Under..\
.)
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